10 web vulnerabilities, categorized into various types :
Injection Vulnerabilities:
1. SQL Injection (SQLi)
SQL Injection (SQLi) is a type of cyber attack that occurs when an attacker is able to insert or manipulate malicious SQL (Structured Query Language) code into input fields or parameters of a web application, with the intention of compromising the security of a database. SQL is a language used for managing and manipulating relational databases, and it is commonly employed in web applications to interact with databases.
In a SQL injection attack, the attacker typically takes advantage of vulnerabilities in the input validation process of a web application. By injecting specially crafted SQL code, the attacker can manipulate the intended SQL query and potentially gain unauthorized access to the database, retrieve, modify, or delete data, and in some cases, execute administrative operations.
For example, a simple login form might have an SQL query to check the entered username and password against the database:
sqlSELECT * FROM users WHERE username = 'entered_username' AND password = 'entered_password';In a SQL injection attack, an attacker might input something like:
sql' OR '1'='1'; --If the application doesn't properly validate and sanitize inputs, the resulting SQL query becomes:
sqlSELECT * FROM users WHERE username = '' OR '1'='1'; --' AND password = 'entered_password';This altered query always evaluates to true, effectively bypassing the login mechanism and allowing unauthorized access.
To prevent SQL injection attacks, developers should use parameterized queries or prepared statements, input validation, and employ least privilege principles to limit the access rights of database accounts used by applications. Regular security audits and testing can also help identify and address potential vulnerabilities.
2. Cross-Site Scripting (XSS):
Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is a type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker injects malicious scripts into web pages that are then viewed by other users. These scripts are typically written in JavaScript, but they can also be in other scripting languages such as HTML or VBScript. The injected script is executed in the context of the victim's browser, allowing the attacker to steal sensitive information, manipulate the appearance of the page, or perform actions on behalf of the user without their consent.
There are three main types of XSS attacks:
Stored XSS (Persistent XSS): In this type of attack, the malicious script is permanently stored on the target server, such as in a database. When a user visits a particular page, the script is served to their browser along with the regular content, leading to the execution of the script.
Reflected XSS (Non-Persistent XSS): In a reflected XSS attack, the injected script is embedded in a URL or some other input, and it is reflected off a web server to the victim's browser. This often happens when the user clicks on a manipulated link or visits a specially crafted URL. The injected script is not stored permanently on the server.
DOM-based XSS: This type of XSS occurs when the manipulation of the Document Object Model (DOM) is exploited. The attack is usually carried out by injecting malicious code that interacts with the DOM, leading to unintended actions or data exposure.
Here's a simple example of a reflected XSS attack. Consider a search page with a vulnerable input field:
URL: https://example.com/search?q=<script>alert('XSS');</script>
If the website does not properly sanitize input and the above input is not properly validated, the script gets executed when the user visits the search page, resulting in an alert saying 'XSS.'
To prevent XSS attacks, developers should implement input validation and output encoding. Input validation ensures that user inputs meet expected criteria, while output encoding ensures that any data displayed in the browser is properly encoded to prevent it from being interpreted as executable code. Content Security Policy (CSP) headers can also be used to mitigate the impact of XSS attacks by defining and enforcing a set of rules for the browser to follow regarding content loading and execution.
3. Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF)
Cross-Site Request Forgery (CSRF) is a type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker tricks a user's browser into performing an unwanted action on a web application in which the user is authenticated. The attack takes advantage of the fact that web browsers automatically include any credentials (such as session cookies) associated with a particular domain when making requests to that domain.
The basic flow of a CSRF attack typically involves the following steps:
User Authentication: The victim logs into a legitimate web application, and a session cookie is generated to authenticate the user's subsequent requests.
Malicious Site Interaction: While the victim is still authenticated, they visit a malicious website (controlled by the attacker), which contains crafted HTML or JavaScript code.
Unauthorized Request: The malicious code on the attacker's site instructs the victim's browser to make a request (e.g., perform a form submission or execute a script) to the target web application where the victim is authenticated.
Automated Authentication: Since the victim is already authenticated with the target site, the browser automatically includes the necessary credentials (such as session cookies) with the maliciously triggered request.
Unintended Action: The target web application processes the request, assuming it is legitimate because it comes with valid authentication credentials. As a result, an unintended action is performed on behalf of the authenticated user.
CSRF attacks can lead to actions such as changing the user's password, making financial transactions, or performing other sensitive operations without the user's consent.
To prevent CSRF attacks, web developers can implement measures such as:
Anti-CSRF Tokens: Include unique tokens in each form or request that only the legitimate server knows how to validate. These tokens are then checked on the server side before processing the request.
SameSite Cookies: Set the
SameSiteattribute for cookies to restrict when they are sent. This attribute can be set to 'Strict' or 'Lax' to mitigate the risk of CSRF attacks.Custom Headers: Use custom headers in requests that are expected to be immune to cross-origin requests, making it more difficult for attackers to forge requests.
Referrer Policy: Employ a strict referrer policy to ensure that requests originate from the same domain and are not coming from unexpected sources.
By implementing these measures, developers can significantly reduce the risk of CSRF attacks and protect the integrity of user actions on their web applications.
4. Remote Code Execution (RCE)
Remote Code Execution (RCE) is a type of security vulnerability that allows an attacker to execute arbitrary code or commands on a target system or application from a remote location. This type of vulnerability is particularly dangerous as it can lead to complete compromise of the affected system, enabling unauthorized access, data theft, or even total control by the attacker.
Here's a simplified explanation of how Remote Code Execution can occur:
Input Validation Flaws: If an application does not properly validate and sanitize user inputs, it may be susceptible to code injection attacks.
Injection of Malicious Code: An attacker exploits input validation flaws to inject malicious code into the system. This code could be in the form of operating system commands, script code, or any other executable code.
Execution of Malicious Code: The injected code is then executed on the target system with the same privileges as the application or service it exploited. This allows the attacker to manipulate the system, exfiltrate data, install malware, or perform other malicious actions.
Common vectors for RCE vulnerabilities include:
Command Injection: Exploiting vulnerabilities that allow the execution of arbitrary commands on the underlying operating system.
Code Injection: Exploiting vulnerabilities that allow the injection and execution of arbitrary code within the context of an application.
Deserialization Vulnerabilities: Exploiting weaknesses in the deserialization process of data, where an attacker can inject malicious code to be executed during the deserialization.
To prevent Remote Code Execution vulnerabilities, developers and system administrators should follow best practices such as:
Input Validation and Sanitization: Ensure that user inputs are properly validated and sanitized to prevent code injection.
Least Privilege Principle: Limit the permissions and access rights of applications and services to the minimum necessary for their functionality.
Use of Parameterized Queries: When interacting with databases, use parameterized queries or prepared statements to prevent SQL injection, which could lead to RCE.
Regular Security Audits: Conduct regular security audits and penetration testing to identify and address potential vulnerabilities.
Security Patching: Keep software, libraries, and frameworks up-to-date with the latest security patches to address known vulnerabilities.
By implementing these measures, organizations can significantly reduce the risk of Remote Code Execution and enhance the overall security of their systems and applications
5. Command Injection
Command Injection is a type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker is able to inject and execute arbitrary commands on a target system through an application. This vulnerability typically arises when an application processes user-provided inputs without proper validation or sanitization, allowing an attacker to manipulate the intended behavior of a command.
Here's a simplified explanation of how Command Injection can occur:
User Input: An application takes user inputs, such as form fields or parameters in a URL.
Lack of Validation: The application does not properly validate or sanitize the user inputs before using them in commands.
Injection of Malicious Commands: An attacker exploits this lack of validation to inject additional commands alongside the legitimate inputs.
Command Execution: The injected commands are executed by the application with the same privileges as the process or service running the command, potentially leading to unauthorized actions on the system.
For example, consider a web application that allows users to ping a server to check connectivity. The application might use a command like:
bashping <user_input>
If the application does not validate or sanitize the user input and an attacker enters a malicious payload like:
bash127.0.0.1; lsThe resulting command becomes:
bashping 127.0.0.1; lsThis would not only ping the specified IP address but also execute the 'ls' command (listing files) on the system.
To prevent Command Injection vulnerabilities, developers should:
Input Validation and Sanitization: Ensure that user inputs are properly validated, sanitized, and restricted to only acceptable characters.
Use of Parameterized Queries: When interacting with databases or external systems, use parameterized queries or prepared statements to prevent injection attacks.
Whitelisting: Define a whitelist of allowed characters and inputs, rejecting any inputs that do not conform to this whitelist.
Least Privilege Principle: Limit the permissions and access rights of applications and services to the minimum necessary for their functionality.
Escape Characters: If user input must be included in command execution, use proper escaping or encoding mechanisms to neutralize special characters.
By implementing these best practices, developers can significantly reduce the risk of Command Injection attacks and enhance the security of their applications. Regular security testing and code reviews are also essential to identify and address potential vulnerabilities.
6. XML Injection
XML Injection is a type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker is able to manipulate or insert malicious content into XML (eXtensible Markup Language) data used by an application. XML is widely used for data interchange between systems, and if an application does not properly validate and sanitize user-supplied XML input, it may be susceptible to XML Injection attacks.
Here's a simplified explanation of how XML Injection can occur:
User Input: An application processes XML data, often received as user input, such as form fields or parameters.
Lack of Validation: The application does not properly validate or sanitize the user-supplied XML input.
Injection of Malicious Content: An attacker exploits this lack of validation to inject or manipulate the XML content with malicious elements or entities.
Impact: The manipulated XML data is then processed by the application, leading to unintended consequences such as unauthorized access, disclosure of sensitive information, or disruption of the application's normal behavior.
For example, consider an application that takes user input to construct an XML document for querying a database:
xml<query> <name>John</name> <age>25</age> </query>If the application doesn't properly validate the user-supplied XML input and an attacker injects malicious content like:
xml<query> <name>John</name> <age>25</age> <role>admin</role> </query>The application might unintentionally process the injected <role> element, leading to unauthorized access or other security issues.
To prevent XML Injection vulnerabilities, developers should:
Input Validation and Sanitization: Properly validate and sanitize user-supplied XML input to ensure it adheres to the expected structure and doesn't contain malicious content.
Use Libraries with Secure Parsers: If parsing XML, use well-established and secure XML parsing libraries that handle user input safely.
Escape Special Characters: If user input must be included in XML, ensure that special characters are properly escaped to prevent them from being interpreted as part of the XML structure.
Least Privilege Principle: Limit the permissions and access rights of applications and services to the minimum necessary for their functionality.
Regular Security Audits: Conduct regular security audits and testing to identify and address potential vulnerabilities.
By following these best practices, developers can mitigate the risk of XML Injection and enhance the overall security of their applications.
7. LDAP Injection
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) Injection is a type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker is able to manipulate or inject malicious input into queries sent to an LDAP server. LDAP is commonly used for accessing and managing directory information services, such as user authentication and authorization in many applications.
Here's a simplified explanation of how LDAP Injection can occur:
User Input: An application includes user-supplied input in LDAP queries, often in the context of user authentication or searching for directory information.
Lack of Validation: The application does not properly validate or sanitize the user-supplied input before constructing and executing the LDAP query.
Injection of Malicious Content: An attacker exploits this lack of validation to inject or manipulate the input with malicious LDAP statements or payloads.
Impact: The manipulated LDAP query is then sent to the LDAP server and processed, leading to unintended consequences such as unauthorized access, disclosure of sensitive information, or disruption of the application's normal behavior.
For example, consider an application that uses LDAP to authenticate a user by checking their credentials:
LDAP Query:
php(&(uid=<username>)(password=<password>))If the application doesn't properly validate the user-supplied input and an attacker injects malicious content like:
markdown*)(password=*The resulting LDAP query might become:
scss(&(uid=*)(password=*))
This could potentially match any user in the LDAP directory and bypass the authentication process.
To prevent LDAP Injection vulnerabilities, developers should:
Input Validation and Sanitization: Properly validate and sanitize user-supplied input before constructing LDAP queries to ensure it adheres to the expected structure and doesn't contain malicious content.
Parameterized Queries: Use parameterized queries or prepared statements when interacting with LDAP servers to separate user input from the query structure.
Escape Special Characters: If user input must be included in LDAP queries, ensure that special characters are properly escaped to prevent them from being interpreted as part of the LDAP query.
Least Privilege Principle: Limit the permissions and access rights of applications and services to the minimum necessary for their functionality.
Regular Security Audits: Conduct regular security audits and testing to identify and address potential vulnerabilities.
By following these best practices, developers can reduce the risk of LDAP Injection and enhance the overall security of applications that interact with LDAP servers.
8. XPath Injection
XPath (XML Path Language) Injection is a type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker is able to manipulate or inject malicious input into XPath queries used by an application. XPath is a language commonly used for navigating and querying XML documents. If an application processes user-supplied input without proper validation or sanitization, it may be susceptible to XPath Injection attacks.
Here's a simplified explanation of how XPath Injection can occur:
User Input: An application constructs XPath queries, often using user-supplied input to search or navigate XML documents.
Lack of Validation: The application does not properly validate or sanitize the user-supplied input before constructing and executing the XPath query.
Injection of Malicious Content: An attacker exploits this lack of validation to inject or manipulate the input with malicious XPath expressions.
Impact: The manipulated XPath query is then executed by the application, leading to unintended consequences such as unauthorized access, disclosure of sensitive information, or disruption of the application's normal behavior.
For example, consider an application that uses XPath to search for a user by username in an XML document:
XPath Query:
xml/users/user[@username='<username>']If the application doesn't properly validate the user-supplied input and an attacker injects malicious content like:
xml' or 1=1 or 'x'='x
The resulting XPath query might become:
xml/users/user[@username='' or 1=1 or 'x'='x']
This could potentially match any user in the XML document and lead to unintended access.
To prevent XPath Injection vulnerabilities, developers should:
Input Validation and Sanitization: Properly validate and sanitize user-supplied input before constructing XPath queries to ensure it adheres to the expected structure and doesn't contain malicious content.
Parameterized Queries: Use parameterized queries or prepared statements when constructing XPath queries to separate user input from the query structure.
Escape Special Characters: If user input must be included in XPath queries, ensure that special characters are properly escaped to prevent them from being interpreted as part of the XPath expression.
Least Privilege Principle: Limit the permissions and access rights of applications and services to the minimum necessary for their functionality.
Regular Security Audits: Conduct regular security audits and testing to identify and address potential vulnerabilities.
By following these best practices, developers can reduce the risk of XPath Injection and enhance the overall security of applications that utilize XPath queries to navigate and query XML documents.
9. HTML Injection
HTML Injection, also known as Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) when it involves web applications, is a type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker is able to inject and execute malicious HTML code within a web page or application. HTML Injection can lead to various attacks, such as stealing user information, session hijacking, defacement of web pages, or the delivery of malware to users.
There are different types of HTML Injection:
Stored (Persistent) XSS: The injected malicious code is permanently stored on the target server, such as in a database, and is later served to users when they access a particular page.
Reflected (Non-Persistent) XSS: The injected malicious code is embedded in a URL or other input, and it is reflected off the web server to users who click on manipulated links or visit specially crafted URLs.
DOM-based XSS: The attack occurs within the Document Object Model (DOM) of a web page, where the manipulation of client-side scripts can lead to unintended consequences.
Here's a simplified example of HTML Injection in a comment section of a web application:
htmlUser comment: <script>alert('Malicious Code');</script>If the application does not properly validate or sanitize user input, the comment might be displayed on the web page as part of the HTML:
htmlUser comment: <script>alert('Malicious Code');</script>When other users view the comments, the injected script will execute, showing an alert with 'Malicious Code.'
To prevent HTML Injection (XSS) vulnerabilities, developers should:
Input Validation and Sanitization: Validate and sanitize user input to ensure that it does not include HTML or JavaScript code.
Output Encoding: Encode or escape user-generated content before displaying it on web pages. This prevents the browser from interpreting it as executable code.
Content Security Policy (CSP): Implement and enforce a Content Security Policy to control which resources can be loaded and executed on a web page.
Use HTTP-Only Cookies: Set the HTTP-only attribute on cookies to prevent JavaScript from accessing them, reducing the risk of session hijacking through XSS.
Regular Security Audits: Conduct regular security audits and testing to identify and address potential vulnerabilities.
By following these best practices, developers can significantly reduce the risk of HTML Injection vulnerabilities and enhance the overall security of their web applications
10. Server-Side Includes (SSI) Injection
Server-Side Includes (SSI) Injection is a type of security vulnerability that occurs when an attacker is able to inject and execute malicious code within the server-side scripting context of a web page. Server-Side Includes are directives in web pages that are processed by the web server before being sent to the client's browser. They are typically used to include the content of another file or execute server-side scripts.
Here's a simplified explanation of how SSI Injection can occur:
Server-Side Includes in Web Pages: Web pages may contain SSI directives to include dynamic content or execute server-side scripts.
User Input: If an application processes user input within SSI directives without proper validation or sanitization, it can be vulnerable to SSI Injection.
Injection of Malicious Code: An attacker exploits this lack of validation to inject malicious SSI directives or code.
Impact: The injected SSI directives are processed by the web server, leading to unintended consequences such as unauthorized access, disclosure of sensitive information, or disruption of the application's normal behavior.
For example, consider a web page that includes a dynamic file based on user input:
html<!-- Original SSI Directive --> <!--#include virtual="/content/user_input.html" -->If the application doesn't properly validate the user-supplied input and an attacker injects malicious content like:
html<!-- Malicious SSI Directive --> <!--#exec cmd="ls" -->The resulting SSI directive might become:
html<!--#include virtual="/content/<!--#exec cmd="ls" -->" -->This could potentially execute the 'ls' command on the server, leading to unintended consequences.
To prevent SSI Injection vulnerabilities, developers should:
Input Validation and Sanitization: Properly validate and sanitize user-supplied input before including it in SSI directives to ensure it adheres to the expected structure and doesn't contain malicious content.
Use Whitelists: Define a whitelist of allowed values for user input within SSI directives, rejecting any inputs that do not conform to this whitelist.
Least Privilege Principle: Limit the permissions and access rights of applications and services to the minimum necessary for their functionality.
Disable Unnecessary SSI Directives: Disable unnecessary SSI directives or restrict their usage to known and safe values.
Regular Security Audits: Conduct regular security audits and testing to identify and address potential vulnerabilities.
By following these best practices, developers can reduce the risk of SSI Injection vulnerabilities and enhance the overall security of their web applications
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